Using Examples From the Chapter Explain How Art Functions in Africa Oceania and the Americas

Art adult primarily for aesthetics

In European academic traditions, fine art is developed primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing information technology from decorative art or practical fine art, which likewise has to serve some applied role, such equally pottery or most metalwork. In the aesthetic theories adult in the Italian Renaissance, the highest art was that which immune the full expression and display of the artist's imagination, unrestricted past whatsoever of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot. It was also considered important that making the artwork did non involve dividing the work between dissimilar individuals with specialized skills, equally might be necessary with a slice of piece of furniture, for example.^[1] Fifty-fifty inside the fine arts, there was a bureaucracy of genres based on the corporeality of artistic imagination required, with history painting placed higher than still life.

Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and trip the light fantastic.^[2] In practise, outside education, the concept is typically but applied to the visual arts. The one-time master impress and drawing were included equally related forms to painting, merely as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in utilise) commonly includes additional modern forms, such as moving-picture show, photography, video production/editing, design, and conceptual fine art.^{[ original research? ]} ^{[ opinion ]}

One definition of fine fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."^[iii] In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these ii terms covering largely the aforementioned media). As far every bit the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good gustation, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment.^[4]

The word "fine" does non so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the bailiwick according to traditional Western European canons.^{[half dozen]} Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" practical or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions accept get essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which this is expressed.^[7]

The term is typically merely used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although like genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of East asia. The ready of "fine arts" are sometimes likewise chosen the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art.

Origins, history and development [edit]

According to some writers, the concept of a singled-out category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "In that location was a traditional "system of the arts" in the Due west earlier the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have a similar system.) In that organization, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a piece of work of art was the useful production of skilled piece of work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing every bit the Greek word "techne", or in English language "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases similar "the fine art of war", "the art of love", and "the fine art of medicine."^[8] Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (e.grand. The Ideology of the Aesthetic), though the signal of invention is oft placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.^[9]

Only information technology can be argued that the classical world, from which very picayune theoretical writing on fine art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a bottom extent the carvers of engraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important function of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other fine art, drew on classical precedent, particularly equally recorded by Pliny the Elder. Some other types of object, in particular Ancient Greek pottery, are oftentimes signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.

The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When information technology "fell out of fashion" every bit, by near 1900, folk art was also coming to be regarded as significant.^[10] Finally, at least in circles interested in art theory, ""fine art" was driven out of use by virtually 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects".^[11] This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art merchandise and popular opinion to take hold of up. However, over the same menstruation of the tardily 19th and early 20th centuries, the move of prices in the fine art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further alee of those from the decorative arts. As art in the 21st century fine arts past artist such as Timothy Gilbert with his abilities of expression of freedoms and times in cultures capturing insite to canvous.

In the art trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may exist used to ascertain the scope of auctions or auction firm departments and the like. The term too remains in utilize in tertiary pedagogy, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking world this is mostly in N America, but the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such equally beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish.

Cultural perspectives [edit]

The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the US is not shared past all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high condition was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in detail ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the Westward. Similar distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean art. In Islamic art, the highest status was generally given to calligraphy, architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were still very oftentimes court employees. Typically they also supplied designs for the best Farsi carpets, architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the W.

Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when ethnic art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Movement, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual office. Equally with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is likewise often equanimous of what would normally be considered in the Westward to be arts and crafts product. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.

Visual arts [edit]

Two-dimensional works [edit]

Painting and drawing [edit]

Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for instance to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, specially on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on woods console or sheet have been the well-nigh important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in tempera or oil painting. Asian painting has more often used newspaper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition ascendant in E Asia. Paintings that are intended to go in a book or album are chosen "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Persian miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in paper; forms using gouache, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are actually forms of drawing.

Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills also. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or diverse metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics.

Mosaics [edit]

Mosaics are images formed with minor pieces of rock or glass, chosen tesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is chosen a mosaic creative person or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were pop as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.^[12] Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italian republic) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey).

Printmaking [edit]

Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by a printing process. It has been an of import creative medium for several centuries, in the Westward and Eastern asia. Major celebrated techniques include engraving, woodcut and etching in the West, and woodblock printing in East asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-east fashion is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and so photographic techniques have partly replaced the celebrated techniques. Older prints tin be divided into the art Sometime Chief print and popular prints, with volume illustrations and other practical images such equally maps somewhere in the middle.

Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same slice, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a re-create. The reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another piece of work of art in a different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an epitome designed from inception as a print. An individual print is likewise referred to equally an impression. Prints are created from a unmarried original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; rock, used for lithography; blocks of forest for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and material in the case of screen-printing. Just there are many other kinds. Multiple about identical prints can be chosen an edition. In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "express edition." Prints may also exist published in book class, as artist's books. A single impress could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

Calligraphy [edit]

Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and proficient manner".^[thirteen] Modernistic calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-fine art pieces where the abstruse expression of the handwritten mark may or may non compromise the legibility of the letters.^[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical paw-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.^[14] ^[15] ^[sixteen]

Photography [edit]

Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, only has also been of import in advancing sure causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.

Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, due north. 13, July 1920

Parallel to this evolution, the interface between the media, which were largely separate at that fourth dimension, in the narrow understanding of the concept of fine art, between painting and photography became relevant from an art-historical point of view in the early on 1960s and mid-1970s through the work of the photo artists Pierre Cordier (Chimigramme ), Paolo Monti (Chemigram ) and Josef H. Neumann (Chemogram ) closed within a new art form. In 1974, Josef H. Neumann Chemogram closed the separation of the painterly basis and the photographic layer by presenting them, in a symbiosis that was unprecedented upward to that point in time, as an unmistakable unique item in a simultaneous painterly and real photographic perspective within a photographic layer in colors and forms united. ^[17]

Chemogram and Chimigram

Three-dimensional works [edit]

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is frequently considered a art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-applied science or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings every bit the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much nearly past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to place themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.^[18]

Pottery [edit]

With some mod exceptions, pottery is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in archaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.

Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a slice of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills.

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created straight by carving; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden.

Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in forest may have vanished almost entirely. Nonetheless, near ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.^[19]

Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre
The Bust of Louis Xiv by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles

Conceptual fine art [edit]

Conceptual fine art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(due south) involved in the work take precedence over traditional artful and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its pop usage, especially in the United kingdom, developed as a synonym for all gimmicky art that does non exercise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[20]

Performing arts [edit]

Music [edit]

Music is an art form and cultural activeness whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical audio). Dissimilar styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such equally songs without instrumental accessory) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.

The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "art of the Muses").

Dance [edit]

Dance is an fine art form that generally refers to movement of the trunk, ordinarily rhythmic, and to music,^[21] used as a course of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or functioning setting. Dance is as well used to draw methods of nonverbal communication (see torso language) betwixt humans or animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such as a mating trip the light fantastic), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the wind"), and sure musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are ofttimes compared to dances.

Theatre [edit]

Mod Western theatre is dominated past realism, including drama and comedy. Some other popular Western form is musical theatre. Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama, classic English drama (Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater (Molière included), are however performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such every bit Noh and Kabuki can be establish in the West, although with less frequency.

Film [edit]

Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film equally a fine art form. A fine arts movie house is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Movie is considered to exist an important art form, a source of pop amusement and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motility pictures a universal power of communication. Some films take become pop worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.

Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography, though many boosted issues ascend when both the photographic camera and elements of the scene may be in motility.

Contained filmmaking oftentimes takes identify outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie motion-picture show) is a moving-picture show initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, concern, and technological reasons take all contributed to the growth of the indie movie scene in the belatedly 20th and early on 21st century.

Verse [edit]

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a class of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of linguistic communication—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.^[22]

Other [edit]

Avant-garde music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine fine art.
Electronic media – possibly the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such equally computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
Textiles, including quilt art and "vesture" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently achieve the category of fine fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
Western art (or Classical) music is a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.
Origami – The terminal century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the add-on of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add together or subtract: information technology transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline ending in technology and spacecraft. Its computational attribute and shareable quality (empowered past social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic fine art of the 21st century.^[23] ^[24] ^[25]

Academic study [edit]

Africa [edit]

Fine Art Schools, Colleges and Universities in Africa
South Africa

Asia [edit]

Kyoto Urban center Academy of Arts, Japan Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Design (Visual, Ecology, and Production), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); also the Scientific discipline of Fine art and Conservation.
Tokyo University of the Arts The art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Design, Compages, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and film schools are separate.
Korean National University Music, Drama, Dance, Film, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Trip the light fantastic and Performing Arts), Design, Compages, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and drinking glass).
The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and available's degrees.
University of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Fine Art college in the Indian urban center of Kolkata, West Bengal.
Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts is a prestigious fine arts college originally founded in 1937 by a group of immature classical musicians in Beirut, in 1988 information technology was merged with Academy of Balamand. ALBA is considered a Pioneering Institute in the region with infrequent educational expertise and world-renowned lecturers and instructors.^[26]

Europe [edit]

South America [edit]

Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.^[27]

Usa [edit]

In the United States an academic course of study in art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Chief of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the final degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, equally opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some Us academic institutions, still. Major schools of fine art in the US:

Yale University, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.^[28]
Rhode Isle School of Design, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.^[29]
Schoolhouse of the Fine art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.^[30]
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA^[31]
California Plant of the Arts, Valencia, CA^[32]
Carnegie Mellon Academy, Pittsburgh, PA^[33]
Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI^[34]
Maryland Plant College of Art, Baltimore, Dr.^[35]
Fordham University, (B.F.A)^[36]
Columbia University, MFA, articulation JD/MFA degree, PHD.^[37]
Juilliard Schoolhouse, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in trip the light fantastic toe, drama, and music. It is widely regarded every bit one of the world's leading music schools, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.^[38] ^[39] ^[twoscore]
ArtCenter College of Blueprint, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide multifariousness of art and design fields, as well every bit public programs for children and high school students. U.Due south. News and Globe Report also ranks Art Centre'south Fine art, Industrial Pattern and Media Blueprint Practices programs amid the top 20 graduate schools in the U.Southward.^[41]

Encounter also [edit]

The arts
Performance art

References [edit]

^ Blunt, 48–55
^ Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Fine Arts". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. x (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 355–375.
^ "Fine fine art". Lexicon.reference.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Artful Judgment". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 July 2010.
^ Drutt, Matthew; Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich; Gurianova, J. (2003). Malevich, Black Square, 1915, Guggenheim New York, exhibition, 2003-2004. ISBN9780892072651 . Retrieved 18 March 2014.
^ CLOWNEY, DAVID (2011). "Definitions of Fine art and Art's Historical Origins". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 69 (three): 309–320. doi:x.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01474.x. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 23883666.
^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom" (PDF). Academy of South Carolina Beaufort.
^ Clowney, David. "A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner'southward The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics . Retrieved 7 May 2013.
^ Blunt, 55
^ Guerzoni, G. (2011). Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italia, 1400–1700. Michigan State University Press. p. 27. ISBN978-1-60917-361-vi . Retrieved 4 July 2020. Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first roughshod out of fashion well-nigh a century ago. From about 1880 the conception of 'fine fine art' was ..."
^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Oasis and London: Yale Academy Press.Kubler, pp. 14–15, google books
^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
^ ^a ^b Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ Pott, Thou. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
^ Hannes Schmidt: Remarks to the Chemograms from Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in photography Studio Galerie from Prof. Pan Walther. In: Photo-Presse. Issue 22, 1976, South. 6.
^ The Tower Bridge, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.
^ "Gods in Colour: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to Jan 2008, The Arthur 1000. Sackler Museum Archived four January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Conceptual art Tate online glossary tate.org.u.k.. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved xviii May 2010.
^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
^ Gould, Vanessa. "Between the Folds, a documentary movie".
^ McArthur, Meher (2012). Folding Paper: The Infinite Possibilities of Origami. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804843386.
^ McArthur, Meher (2020). New Expressions in Origami Art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804853453.
^ "Alexis Boutros, le fondateur de l'Alba – Historique – À propos de l'Alba – Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts (Alba) – Université de Balamand". world wide web.alba.edu.lb. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved iv March 2018.
^ "Institute for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
^ "Yale University School of Art". Art.yale.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Partition of Fine Arts RISD". Risd.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "School of the Art Institute of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "UCLA Section of Art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "California Plant of the Arts Programs". Calarts.edu. 20 Dec 2013. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
^ "Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
^ "Welcome to Cranbrook Academy of Fine art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Maryland Institute College of Fine art". Mica.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "B.F.A. Programme". The Ailey Schoolhouse.
^ "Columbia University School of the Arts". Arts.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Still 'best reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times . Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ Frank Rich (2003). Juilliard . Harry North. Abrams. pp. ten. ISBN0-8109-3536-eight. Juilliard grew up with both the country and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to get an internationally recognized synonym for the pinnacle of artistic achievement.
^ "The Top 25 Drama Schools in the Earth". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ "ArtCenter College of Design Overall Rankings – US News All-time Colleges". U.Southward. News & World Report. iii October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

Blunt Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italia, 1450–1600, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0198810504